Sources & References
All 48 studies, reviews and books cited across our blog articles, each linked to the original. The founders' books describe their methods — they are not evidence that the methods work.
Topic
Type
48 of 48 sources
- Review & meta-analysis2009Integration of cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation
Ainslie PN, Duffin J · American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing · The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us
- Study2023Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal
Balban MY et al. · Cell Reports Medicine
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us
- Textbook & guidelineupdated regularlyRespiratory Alkalosis (archived)
Brinkman JE, Sharma S · StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing
- Review & meta-analysis2005Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Book2012The Healing Power of the Breath
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL · Shambhala
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Book2017Just Breathe: Mastering Breathwork for Success in Life, Love, Business, and Beyond
Brulé D · Enliven Books
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Review & meta-analysis2005The Buteyko breathing technique for asthma: a review
Bruton A, Lewith GT · Complementary Therapies in Medicine
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Study2008Investigating the claims of Konstantin Buteyko: the relationship of breath holding time to end tidal CO₂ and other proposed measures of dysfunctional breathing
Courtney R, Cohen M · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Study1990Effect of caffeine on ventilatory responses to hypercapnia, hypoxia, and exercise in humans
D'Urzo AD, Jhirad R, Jenne H et al. · Journal of Applied Physiology
- Study2013Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed
Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Textbook & guideline2015Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies · EFSA Journal
- Book1996The Breathing Book: Good Health and Vitality Through Essential Breath Work
Farhi D · Henry Holt
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Study2013Fear and panic in humans with bilateral amygdala damage
Feinstein JS et al. · Nature Neuroscience
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Review & meta-analysis2023High ventilation breathwork practices: an overview of their effects, mechanisms, and considerations for clinical applications
Fincham GW et al. · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work?
- Review & meta-analysis2023Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: a meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials
Fincham GW, Strauss C, Montero-Marin J, Cavanagh K · Scientific Reports
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Review & meta-analysis1999Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use
Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE · Pharmacological Reviews
- Review & meta-analysis2013Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
Freitas DA et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Review & meta-analysis1996The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders
Gardner WN · Chest
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing
- Book2010Holotropic Breathwork: A New Approach to Self-Exploration and Therapy
Grof S, Grof C · SUNY Press (Founder's book)
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today · 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Review & meta-analysis2015Neural control of breathing and CO₂ homeostasis
Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA · Neuron
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Textbook & guideline2021Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
Hall JE, Hall ME · Elsevier (14th ed.) — acid–base regulation, transport of oxygen and CO₂ (Bohr effect)
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing · CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Study2008The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood
Haskell CF et al. · Biological Psychology
- Book2020The Wim Hof Method
Hof W · Sounds True (Founder's book)
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Book1981Light on Prāṇāyāma
Iyengar BKS · Crossroad
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Review & meta-analysis2004Red blood cell pH, the Bohr effect, and other oxygenation-linked phenomena in blood O₂ and CO₂ transport
Jensen FB · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Review & meta-analysis2004A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features
Juliano LM, Griffiths RR · Psychopharmacology
- Study2014Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans
Kox M et al. · PNAS
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today · The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work?
- Study2012The influence of concentration/meditation on autonomic nervous system activity and the innate immune response: a case study
Kox M et al. · Psychosomatic Medicine
Cited in: The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work?
- Review & meta-analysis2022Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and a meta-analysis
Laborde S et al. · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Review & meta-analysis2002Hypocapnia
Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP · New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing · The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work? · CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters
- Review & meta-analysis2014Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?
Lehrer PM, Gevirtz R · Frontiers in Psychology
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Book1983Rebirthing: The Science of Enjoying All of Your Life
Leonard J, Laut P · Trinity Publications (Founder's book)
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Study2005Caffeine stimulation of cortisol secretion across the waking hours in relation to caffeine intake levels
Lovallo WR et al. · Psychosomatic Medicine
- Book1975Bioenergetics
Lowen A · Penguin (Founder's book)
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Study1991Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation
Macefield G, Burke D · Brain
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing · The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work?
- Book2015The Oxygen Advantage
McKeown P · William Morrow (Origin of the BOLT name and score ranges — practitioner source, not peer-reviewed)
Cited in: CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters · 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Study2018Hypoventilation therapy alleviates panic by repeated induction of dyspnea
Meuret AE et al. · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
Cited in: What is Respiratory Alkalosis? The Science Behind Over-Breathing
- Study2015Measure of significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the development of self-awareness
Miller T, Nielsen L · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us
- Study2018“Brain over body” — a study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure
Muzik O, Reilly KT, Diwadkar VA · NeuroImage
Cited in: The Wim Hof Breathing Method - How does it actually work?
- Review & meta-analysis2018Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption
Nehlig A · Pharmacological Reviews
- Book2020Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
Nestor J · Riverhead Books
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Book2009Prana and Pranayama
Niranjanananda Saraswati S · Yoga Publications Trust — overview of classical pranayama
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Book1977Rebirthing in the New Age
Orr L, Ray S · Celestial Arts (Founder's book)
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today · 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Book1972Character Analysis
Reich W · Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 3rd ed. (orig. 1933) (Founder's book)
Cited in: The History of Modern Breathwork: From Ancient Roots to Today
- Review & meta-analysis2007Holotropic Breathwork: the potential role of a prolonged, voluntary hyperventilation procedure as an adjunct to psychotherapy
Rhinewine JP, Williams OJ · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us
- Book2009The Power of Breath: The Art of Breathing Well for Harmony, Happiness and Health
Saradananda S · Duncan Baird
Cited in: 10 Books That Will Completely Change the Way You Breathe
- Book1981Relax and Win: Championship Performance in Whatever You Do
Winter LB · A.S. Barnes (Origin of the technique)
Cited in: The Military Sleep Method: How to Fall Asleep in Two Minutes
- Review & meta-analysis2018How breath-control can change your life: a systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing
Zaccaro A et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Cited in: The Science of High-Ventilation Breathwork: What Research Tells Us · CO₂ Tolerance and the BOLT Test: What It Is and Why It Matters